Tuberculosis by Dr. Marks

Incidence decreasing in the US

Latent TB infection approx. 5% in US. 25% in world

PPD screening:

If >5 mm PPD and immunocompromised = positive

If >10mm and been to high risk country, healthcare worker, or IVDU =positive

Otherwise >15mm = positive

Primary TB usually asymptomatic,

If suspect TB, isolate

Sputum PCR

Gold standard is cultures (6-8wk turnaround)

For latent TP rifampin+isoniazid +pyridoxine for 3 moths

For active TB:

RIPE therapy  8 weeks

Rifampin ,  (orange urine, CP450 induction)

isoniazid,  (B6 deficiency, seizures)

pyrazinamide (hepatotoxicity, hyperuricemia)

Ethambutol (optic neuritis)

Then rifampin/isoniazid for 18 more weeks

TB meningitis- RIPE + dexamethasone

Potts- RIPE + source control

Syphilis by Dr. Coffman

Incidence increasing since 1990.

Increasing in women. Congenital cases increasing.

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

Painless ulcer on mucus membranes, rash involving hands and feet +nonspecific symptoms,

Jarisch Herxheimer reaction – treat symptoms with tylenol.

PEM: Endocrine by Dr. Magloire

DKA: defined by hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and ketosis

30-40% are new onset T1DM

Risk factors include age <5, reduced access to medical care

Anorexia, N/V, abdominal pain, hyperventilation, dehydration

Often precipitated by missed insulin, acute illness, medications (steroids, antipsychotics)

Assume fluid deficit of 5-10%

Initial fluid bolus then 2 bag method over 24-48

Beware of cerebral edema. Treat with mannitol if developing

Avoid central lines due to increased risk of DVTs

Hypoglycemia:

Children and infants can have quicker shifts in glucose due to high metabolic demand and difference in gluconeogenesis.

If conscious, give 15 g of carbs (juice, glucose tabs etc)

IV D10 bolus if needed

If altered give 2-5ml/kg of D10 bolus, repeat and start infusion if needed

Adrenal Crisis:

Consider in known CAH, hypothalamic axis disorders, prolonged corticosteroid use, other autoimmune disorders, critically ill patients unresponsive to pressors, or neonates with atypical genitalia electrolyte abnormalities, hypoglycemia, hyperpigmentation, cushingoid features

Hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia

Treat with hydrocortisone 50-100mg/m2 (25mg if <3yo, 50mg if 3-12 yo, 100mg if 12+yo)

Treat hyperkalemia if needed.

Tick-Borne Disease by Dr. Buchanan

Prevention is best

DEET and permethrin

DEET on skin, permethrin on clothes (last 6-8 weeks)

Combination of both decreased mosquito bites by 99%

Remove ticks >36hrs just use forceps.

Lyme – erythema migrans, vector is Ixodes, classic “target” rash. Disseminated disease in 60% if untreated

If bilateral bell’s palsy, treat for Lyme disease

If high clinical suspicion, can use IFA or EIA for testing

IgG +IgM if <1 month from exposure

Doxy+ceftriaxone  if neuro symptoms

STARI – southern tick associated rash illness

Causative organism unknown. Lone Star Tick

Probably best to treat as Lyme

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever –

Maculopapular rash involving hands and palms. Flu like symptoms

Hyponatremia, transaminitis, thrombocytopenia

Rickettsia Rickettsii

Dermacentor sp. (wood tick or dog tick)

Clinical diagnosis, confirmed with IFA/EIA

Rickettsia Parkeri Rickettsiosis-

Inoculation eschar. Similar labs findings. Less severe disease. Gulf coast ticks

Erlichiosis-  Erlichia sp.

Lone star tick

Flu-like symtpoms

Leukopenia, hyponatremia, transaminitis

Whole blood PCR (most sensitive if <1week).

Otherwise IgG trending

Anaplasmosis –

Ixodes tick. More northeast than erlichiosis

Tick-borne relapsing Fever

Leukoytosis, thrombocytopenia, elevated bilirubin

recurring fevers. Every reccurence less and less severe

Borrelia sp.

Soft shell ticks are the vector. Western US.

Diagnoses with peripheral blood smear. Best checked during a fever.

Treatment for all the above is doxycycline

Babesiosis

Babesia microti. Vector is ixodes tick.

Fever, body aches, Scleral icterus, dark urine,

Transaminitis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia

Peripheral smear with intracellular organsisms, (maltese cross)

Treatment atovaquone +azithromycin OR Clindamycin + Quinnine

Tularemia

Franscisella tularensis

Vectors -Dermacentor and amblyomma spp.

Fevers, malaise, body aches.

Leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hyponatremia, transaminitis, sterile pyuria

Wound and glandular lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis, oropharyngeal form. Pneumonic form, typhoidal form.

Confirmation by isolation of Tularensis (culture) or seroconversion (IgG/IgM) in paired sera

Treatment is streptomycin

Tick Bite prophylaxis

• Was it an ixodes tick? If no, no ppx
• Is it engorged or attached >36hr> if no, no ppx
• Has it been 72 hours since removal. If yes, no ppx
• Can they take doxy? If no, no ppx
• Is lyme endemic? If no, no ppx

Peds Pharm: PALS Drugs by Dr. Lucking

Bradycardia- atropine (min 0.1, max 0.5mg) epinephrine, treat as PEA if <60

Tachycardia-

• Sinus tach -treat underlying condition
• SVT- vagal maneuver, (ice to face), adenosine (proximal and fast) 0.1mg/kg
• Vtach- cardiovert, amio or procainamide
• Vfib- rare. Same as adults. Amio 5mg/kg

Epi spritzer

Used for brady/hypotension in a patient with a pulse to prevent cardiac arrest

Peri-intubation

0.001mg/kg (1/10 of a code dose)

RSI

If age <1 consider atropine as pre-medication

Historically, lidocaine was given for ICP, however this has fallen out of favor

Fentanyl 1mcg/kg max dose 100mct. Immediate onset, 30-60min duration

Midazolam 0.1mg/kg max 5mg. onset 3-5 mins. Duration <2 hours

Ketamine 2mg/kg. onset 30 seconds. Duration 5-10mins. Contraindicated in <3mo age

Etomidate 0.3mg/kg. does not provide analgesia. Can reduce sz threshold.

Propofol 1-2mg/kg.

Rocuronium 1mg/kg. duration 26-46 minutes

Succinylcholine 1-2mg/kg, hyperkalemia, malignant hypothermia